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Rudolf Diels (16 December 1900 – 18 November 1957) was a German civil servant and first head of the Gestapo from 1933 to 1934. He obtained the rank of SS- Oberführer and was a protégé of Hermann Göring.
Diels was forced from the Gestapo by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Aided by Göring, he later held several government posts: serving as assistant police commissioner of Berlin and the administrative president of Cologne. In the 1940s, Diels refused to participate in anti-Jewish initiatives.
Diels was imprisoned in 1944 after the July bomb plot to kill Adolf Hitler. He survived the war, and worked in the post-war government of Lower Saxony.
On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag fire occurred, and Diels was the main interrogator of the principal accused, Marinus van der Lubbe. He told Hitler he thought that the fire was set by this single man. However, Hitler was convinced it was the Communists. Diels attracted the attention of political rivals, including Schutzstaffel chief Heinrich Himmler and his deputy, Reinhard Heydrich. In 1933 and 1934, Himmler and Heydrich took over the political police of state after state. Soon, only Prussia was left outside their control.
Concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to effectively counteract the power of the Sturmabteilung (SA), Göring handed over control of the Gestapo to Himmler on 20 April 1934. Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SS Security Service, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). Effectively smeared, but with Göring's aid, Diels narrowly avoided execution during the Night of the Long Knives at the end of June 1934, fleeing his post for five weeks. Thereafter, he was briefly Deputy Police President of Berlin before being appointed Regierungspräsident (administrative president) of the local government of Cologne in 1934. Diels was then appointed administrative president of Hannover in 1936.
He maintained his association with Göring, marrying his cousin, Ilse Göring. In the 1940s, Diels refused to participate in anti-Jewish initiatives. He was later arrested by the Gestapo in 1944 after the 20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler and imprisoned, but survived.
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